Thursday, October 31, 2019
Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10
Ethics - Assignment Example The management has developed workplace policy that is based on the organizational philosophy, code of conduct, and mission statement. This policy is then incorporated into the organization’s performance management program in order to hold workers accountable for all their actions and warn them to adhere to the set professional standards when interacting with their colleagues and supervisors and when undertaking their duties. The management ensures that all employees sign an acknowledgement form indicating that they have read and understood the company’s ethics policy. This is to ensure that every worker fully understands the set ethical standards that should be adhered within the organization and failure to do this, the management takes appropriate actions upon the involved worker (Appelbaum, Deguire & Lay, 2005). Secondly, the organization evaluates all employees on ethical behavior in order to prevent expansion of unethical behaviors in the workplace which can negatively affect the firm’s production. Personal interviews is one of useful tools that the management uses to assess employees’ attributes such as ability to socialize with others, problem solving skills, communication skills, and characters. The management also evaluates demonstrated work ethics of employees against a checklist. It makes use of an employee performance assessment that has section like â€Å"Attendance, Dependability and Availability,†â€Å"Judgment,†and â€Å"Integrity†. This makes it easier for the management to measure and evaluate various concepts such as employee’s integrity. Work productivity and attendance are highly monitored. Working upon set hours and showing up shows that an employee has ethical behavior and integrity (Peterson, 2002). Employees who comes to work late and leaves early are termed as lacking ethics. Before taking final action, the management first meets with employees with
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Specialty Demos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Specialty Demos - Essay Example The patient information comes from different areas of care including laboratory investigations, diagnosis, pharmaceutical and nursing services. As a result, the data entry in an oncology EHR can be done and accessed by only the medics, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, and nurses within a given setting of care. Thus, it is a hospital system that combines multiple systems from different departments making the clinical documentation complex. On the contrary, the NextGen Ambulatory EHR is designed for use in ambulatory settings (www.nextgen.com). It is an ongoing collection of patient medical records of care over an extended period for the disease management and prevention. The patient information is internal to the practice as opposed to the oncology hospital EHR where many people share information. In addition, the NextGen Ambulatory EHR is web-based, does not require accreditation to be adopted and can be accessed anywhere. Despite the differences, some aspects such as privacy and security standards are required for both the HER
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay
Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay Composition as a way of word-formation was very productive since Old English period and remains one of the most active types of word-building in Modern English. More than one third of neologisms in English are compound words. The goal of this research is to investigate what is a compound word, how it is built and how it can be distinguished from combinations of words. Enabling Objectives: to study the theory of the topic; to analyze gathered information; to draw relevant conclusions The hypothesis of the given work is that compounds play enormous role in English word formation. The methods of research Theoretical method (reading and analysing the theory of the word-formation in English language, composition); Practical method (searching compounds in Old English, and using Review of the literature : All the materials used by the author while doing this research were theoretical. Compounds and their criteria Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:108). There are compound words among all notional parts of speech, but mostly among nouns and adjectives: synchronic word-formation system of English has a nominal character. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units which are formally and semantically dependent on their components and relations between them. In Old English domineering structural patters of composition were: noun + noun, adjective + noun, noun + adjective. Here are some examples: Ä «s (ice, noun) + ceald (cold, adjective) = Ä «s-ceald (ice-cold, compound) [Online 1] In Middle English period compound nouns were numerous, for example tablecloth, penknife. New compounds consisted of preposition All the existing classifications of compound words represent a modified classification of Old Sanskrit Grammar where nominative compound words are subdivided into copulative (woman-doctor), determinative (air-mail) and exocentric (cut-throat) which are not typical of the English language. As English compounds consist of free forms it is difficult to distinguish them from combinations of words. [Online 2] What is the difference between a slow coach and a slowcoach? There are several criteria which can help to differentiate between them. 1.. Phonological criterion. Almost all compounds with a few exceptions always show a high stress on the first element. Compound adjectives are doubled-stressed: easy-going, snow-white. 2. Morphological criterion. Criterion of Formal Integrity was introduced by A.I. Smirnitsky. Comparing shipwreck and wreck of a ship with identical sets of morphemes and identical meaning he states that they differ. A word is characterized by structural integrity which is absent in a word-combination. Grammatical formants are added to the whole compound not to every component: shipwrecks, shipwrecks. 3. Syntactic criterion. We have no right to modify any component of a compound word or to change their order or to insert any word into its structure. L. Bloomfield points out that the word black in the phrase black birds can be modified by very, very black birds, but never in a compound blackbirds. 4. Graphical criterion. Compound words may have solid, hyphened and even separate spelling. The lack of uniformity in spelling makes this criterion insufficient and highly unreliable. The historical development of compounds and their Classsification Not all the compound words inherited by the vocabulary of English are preserved in the language in their primary form having undergone various phonetic changes, which reduced them to simple or root words. This process is called simplification of stems. The form of a compound word and its pronounciation may be changed so that it is hardly recognizable. The following examples serve as illustration: woman = wifmann (Old English, woman person), husband = husbonda (Old English, master of the house, bua to dwell). There are three ways to classify compound words. 1. Structural classification. Structurally, compounds are distinguished as endocentric (bookcase, sunrise), exocentric (cut-throat, daredevil), buhuvrihi [1] (bigwig, greenhorn) and syntactic compounds which correlate with phrases (baby-sitter) (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986 :123) 2. According to the type of composition compounds are divided into 3 groups: a) Juxtaposition without linking elements (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123): heartache, bookcase, film-star. b) Compounds with linking vowel and consonant (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123): Afro-American, speedometer, handicraft. c) Compounds with linking elements represented by preposition and conjunction stems (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123): bread-and-butter, father-in-law. There are also lexicalized phrases like (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123) forget-me-not, devil-may-care, dog-in-the-manger. 3. According to the structure of immediate constituents (later in the research IC) compounds are divided into four groups: a) Compounds consisting of simple stems (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123): bottle-neck, stare-gaze; b) Compounds where one IC is derived (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123): beef-eater; c) Compounds where one IC is clipped: X-mas (Christmas) (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123); d) Compounds where one IC is compound: wastepaper-basket (à  Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ´ 1986:123). specific features of english compounds The majority of English compounds consist of free forms where combining elements are rare and possess a regular two-stem pattern. Any element playing an attributive function and standing before the main word may be united with it and form a compound word: two-year course, last-minute preparation. Derivational compounds contain two free stems and suffix referring to the whole combination: blue-eyed. There are also a lot of nonce-words among them: save-your-own-soul-ism. A special group of compounds is constituted by reduplicative compounds: reduplicative compounds proper, ablaut combinations and rhyme combinations. New word-forming patterns in composition revealing the influence of extra-linguistic factors can be illustrated by such compounds as teach-in, phone-in, sit-in, etc. These combinations contain a connotation of public protest. Compound words are frequent among nouns and adjectives but the existence of compound verbs in Modern English can be doubted. To blacklist, to over-flow are often called compound verbs. However, for example, to house-keep, to hitch-hike are created not by composition but by back-formation and conversion if treated diachronically. Conclusion To conclude the results of the research it is important to state that after having read and analyzed the theory of composition as a way of English word-formation the author of the research came to the conclusion that compounds have a long history and are one of the most popular ways of word-building in English language. It should be also mentioned that not a single criterion mentioned it the research is sufficient to establish whether we deal with a combination of words or a compound word.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Short Story :: Free Essays
Short Story Joe stepped out of the revolving doors. His sigh could easily be identified as one of relief. The dreary London rain could be seen disturbing the image of the people on the other side of the road. People's breath could be seen in the cold air. Many people were hurrying down the street armed with umbrellas like they were defending against the invading rain. Joe put up his umbrella and joined the rest of London rushing down the streets. One guy could be seen running down the road cradling what looked like his only belongings in his arms. He was soaked to the skin with the rain his body visible through his wet shirt. He walked directly into Joe and his papers all fell to the floor. He immediately buckled to one knee to retrieve them. He looked up at Joe and stared at him for while with a look of recognition. He stared for a few extra seconds, then picked up his papers and began running again, leaving with so much as an apology. Joe continued walking down the street and for sum unknown reason he was unable to set his mind free of the image of the man that collided with him. Joe called in the newsagent and the lady behind the counter handed him his cigarettes, to which he placed the exact change on the counter, without a word exchanged between the two. He finally arrived at his block of flats; he walked up the four flights of stairs the walked to his room, 403. Rather than take a key out of his pocket Joe reached above the doorway and grabbed the key from there, he placed it into the lock, opened the door and returned the key to its home. He then switched the light on. The room was plain, simple and more than anything run down. There were only enough utilities for a persons basic needs. The walls were undecorated and damp marks were visible, there were three certificates on the wall, apart from that, they were
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Colonies and Colonizers costums Essay
Although Alexie was a creative writer, his essay uses metaphors in the context of straight forward statements. Only his reference of a fence can be treated so far as a rhetorical statement. This shows how he might still be saying that although he is teaching his fellow people, they are still not open to real education, as he expresses in some of his statements where instead of learning to read and write, some of his students still ought to stay at the back and be indifferent to education as what was their parents’ custom. In fact in the essay’s last paragraph, Alexie expresses his frustration and in some ways, insult to his fellow people. Among colonized nations there is this one behavior that is very evident among them, refusal to learn the practices of their colonizers especially their education (or in other words colonizers teaching the colonies how to be them). Indians had been long standing in the colonies that have refused to learn the ways of the non-Indians. All in all, Sherman Alexie’s essay speaks of frustration and yet hopesâ€â€frustration in the fact that his people are not open to education. That the non-Indians don’t always offer their own customs but an opportunity to be fulfilled in one’s life. Alexie’s usage of a Superman not only offers a quick way of learning how to read but a comic relief to the essay. Alexie was arrogant, he was smart, he was able to save his life and now he is trying to save the life and the culture of his people. Works Cited Alexie, Sherman. â€Å"Superman and me†. The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me (1997) McAdam, D. J. â€Å"American Indian Culture and American Society†. D. J. McAdam Where the world goes for free advice. < http://www. djmcadam. com/ojibwe. html>
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Introductory Economics Cheatsheet
Problems by Command 1. Information collection 2. Principal-agent 3. Disagreement among multiple decision-makers. Arrows’ impossibility theorem. Paradox of voting. 4. Enforcement Coordination by Market Princes as signals of scarcity/abundance Induces coordination Requires much less info No enforcement costs No principal-agent problem No problem with multiple decision makers Qualification: some command systems exist within a market (eg firms) Public Good Has free-rider problem due to non-excludability. Can only be provided by a coercive authority that can force users to pay for these goods. Taxes. Collective GoodsProvide benefits for a group. Cartels and Unions Has free riding problem. Prevent by sanctions Common Resources Non-excludable but exhaustible Natural resources goods Lack of well-defined property rights encourages overuse. The tragedy of the commons. Solve by asserting ownership rights over common resources. Coarse theorem Markets generate themselves for property trans fer that internalize externalities. Adverse selection & Moral hazard Market price based on expected quality Reward people for not maintaining quality High quality sellers drop out Cycle continues Market collapse FDI promotes technology transfer without moral hazard.Equilibrium – no one has an incentive to change their behavior. Price ceiling Cause a shortage due to excess demand Leads to rationing or preferential allocation, long queues, inefficiency. Those who do get will benefit from the lower prices. Price floor Eg Minimum wage Only those workers who don’t lose their jobs benefit from the higher wages. Consumer surplus When price goes down, CS increase due to 2 reasons. Existing buyers pay less. More buyers are able to enter market. Producer surplus Markets select low cost suppliers. Only those whose costs of production are below the market price enter.When price goes down, ‘marginal seller’ drops out. When price goes up, PS increases due to 2 reasons. Existing producer get a higher price. More producers can enter. Total welfare = CS + PS Govt intervention decreases this Factors of demand Income & substitution effect Change in tastes Expectation of future prices Change in number of buyers Factors of supply Change in technology Change in input prices Expectation of future prices Change in number of sellers Elasticity Price elasticity of demand for a good is the % change in demand when the good’s price falls by 1%. Elasticity along a linear demand curve decreases with a decrease in price.Factors affecting elasticity of demand Number of substitutes/whether the good is a necessity/time frame/broadness of category Income elasticity of demand is the % increase in its demand for a 1% rise in income. Indifference curve Non-lexicographic and non-satiation Convex to origin – preference for variety Cant cross each other due to consistency and transitivity Marginal rate of substitution(MRS) Negative of an indifference curve†™s slope at any point Equal to the ratio of marginal utilities of the 2 goods at that point Slope of budget line is the negative of the relative prices of the 2 goods.At tangent, slope of budget line and slope of indifference curve must be equal. MRS=relative prices at this point The ratio of marginal utility to price is equal for both goods at the point chosen (equimarginal principle) Income and substitution effect Cost curve AFC=TFC/Q, AVC=TVC/Q, ATC=AFC+AVC AFC declining with Q. AVC first falls then rises. U shaped. Rising marginal cost. When MCMC. No supply curve. MC Pricing P=MC, lead to losses for natural monopoly, which govt can subsidize. But tax has its own deadweight loss. P=ATC , zero profits. Alternative, public ownership Price discriminationIncrease monopolist profits First degree – extract entire CS, socially optimal but unlikely Second degree – Charge buyers based on observable characteristics Third degree – separated markets Quantity discounts Contestable Market No barrier to entry Maintain monopoly only due to the fact that it entered first P=MC, zero economic profits Durable Goods Monopoly MC=0 Compete against its future price Cartels and collusion Incentive that monopoly profits are higher Each has an incentive to sell more than the agreed amount, resulting in a collapse of the agreement. Bertrand duopoly Assumption constant MC.Equilibrium at AC=MC. Naive thinking and no capacity constraint and price easily adjusted Sweezy model Each firm assumes that if it cuts its price, this will be matched by all its rivals while if it increase its price, it will not be matched. Perceive demand curve to be very inelastic below the existing price and very elastic above existing price. Result in price rigidity Reverse kink Each firm assumes that its price increases will be matched by all rivals, while its price cuts will not. Demand curve becomes elastic below the existing price as the cut speedily increases the demand for this firmà ¢â‚¬â„¢s product.Inelastic above the existing price. Result in price instability. Likely during depression. Competition in output Cournet Model Supposes wrongly that other firms will not react to its own output decisions. Will not result in zero-profit outcome. MR=MC. Monopolistic competition Large number of sellers with differentiated products No barriers to entry Each firm faces a downward sloping demand curve Short run, try to max profits by MR=MC. Due to free entry, more firms enter in long run as long as positive economic profits are made. Shifts demand curve to the less are market share reduced. Long run equilibrium, P=AC.Not at minimum of AC curve, thus inefficiency as each firm has excess capacity. Provide more variety though. Game theory Dominant strategy equilibrium No incentive to deviate as none of the players can do better by choosing a different strategy. Nash Equilibrium Each player has no incentive to deviate by himself. Each guess what other player choose. Coordinat ion problem Multiple equilibrium Solve by convention Focal point – higher payoff for 1 equilibrium Zero-sum games Solve by maximin rule – maximize his minimum payoffs. Repeated games Grim trigger strategy cannot work if the game is repeated a known finite number of times.If infinitely, can sustain if they do not discount the future heavily(sufficient weight to future punishments). Discount factor > 1/3. Sequential game Backward induction – work backwards to solve Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium – additional property of ruling out empty threat GDP – the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Relies on market prices Includes market value of the stream of services from durable goods Miss out value of non market services Excludes transfer payments Consumption + Investment + Government spending + Net exportY=C+I+G+NX GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/real GDP)*100 GDP per capita flawed as a welfare me asure as it excludes value of leisure, clean environment, and safety. CPI measures the cost of a fixed basket of goods bought by a typical consumer. Overstates cost of living because of substitution bias. Introduction of new goods and thus increased living standards is not reflected. Quality changes is not measure. GDP deflator includes goods not bought by typical consumer. CPI includes imports. Real interest=nominal interest – inflation Productivity is a key to rapid growth. Physical capitalHuman capital Natural resources Technology Y= AF(L, K, H, N) Productivity is given by Y/L = AF(1, K/L, H/L, N/L) Technology progress continuously expands the resource frontier. Phases of rapid growth have occurred when a technological innovation opens up a new elastic supply source. Eg Industrial revolution, Railway boom, IT. Policies to promote growth Encourage savings and investment. Diminishing marginal productivity of capital implies that high saving will no longer lead to fast growth beyond a point. Convergence effect. Encourage FDI. Builds up physical and human capital accumulation.Has learning effects through tech transfer and positive externalities. Education. Secure system of property rights Lack of corruption or political instability Pursuing free trade Population growth can lead to lower capital-labor ratio which might decrease productivity Also inefficiency in human capital accumulation as same educational facilities spread thinly Large families may keep woman out of labor force which reduces total productivity C and IM tend to increase as national income rise. So C= C+cY, IM=IM+mY where c and m are marginal propensity to consume and import. An increase in GDP of $1 increases C by c and IM by m. c,m
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Mainstream Society Essays - I Am Joaquin, Chilly Gonzales
Mainstream Society Essays - I Am Joaquin, Chilly Gonzales Mainstream Society In the poem ? I am Joaquin ? written by poet/writer Rodolfo Gonzales portrays how his culture battles but still survive in today?s mainstream society. Gonzales knows that his ancestors lost the economic battle, but still managed to survive culturally. He also understands that he must fight so the future can be bright for his son?s and he must let them know how hard it was to be where he is now. Gonzales is pleased that he hasn?t been trapped in today?s mainstream society and that he is not ashamed because of his heritage background. Gonzales also writes about how he endures in a society that brings him down because of his cultural background. Gonzales wants his kids to understand how his ancestors struggled but endured to survive culturally. Gonzales acknowledges that his bloodlines remained culturally even though losing the battle economically, so he must fight to bring hope for the future,? I must fight and win this struggle for my son?s and they must know from me who I am.? Gonzales wants the future to understand where they came from and how there was struggle for the future. Gonzales writes,? I have endured in the rugged mountains of our country. My fathers have lost the economic battle and won the struggle of cultural survival.? Gonzales knows that?s his ancestors lost the battle, but that dosen?t matter because Gonzales is so proud that he is still here to fight. Gonzales writes,? I am still here,? it shows how he has endured and that his culture is still here. Gonzales is very proud that he has survived living in today?s society,? I am the masses of my people and I refuse to be absorbed.? Gonzales also shows how he refuses to be acknowledged as someone else but as himself. He is happy with his culture,? La Raza! Mejicano! Espanol! Latino! Hispanio! Chicano or whatever I call myself, I look the same, I feel the same, I cry and sing the same. My faith unbreakable, my blood is pure.? Gonzales faith is so strong that it has endured through all of his struggles and his blood is pure. Gonzales continues to survive even though being put down by society. Gonzales explains how he and his culture endure with everything stacked up against them. He also writes that caught up in all the bewilderment he and his people will live perpetually. Gonzales writes,? Caught up in the whirl of a gringo society. Part of the blood that is mine has labored endlessly for four hundred years under the heel of lustful Europeans.? Gonzales understands that his blood has European greedy but he can deal with that and still survive. ? Destroyed by modern society.? Gonzales describes how mainstream society some of his culture (economically) and him. Gonzales still has hope he can endure. Gonzales must fight to let the future know they lost the economic battle but still survived culturally. He is so proud of himself of not getting caught up in mainstream society, he also has confidence that he can endure in a society that dosen?t like him because of his bloodlines.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Lynx Essays - Lynx, Eurasian Lynx, Bobcat, Trapping, Kitten, Hare
Lynx Essays - Lynx, Eurasian Lynx, Bobcat, Trapping, Kitten, Hare Lynx Lynx by Cody White Academic Orientation Mr. Keown period 7 December 19, 1997 With a pounce and a hop the speedy lynx chases the bleached white hare through the bushes. Poof! The hare disappears into the shiny white powder. Then the sly lynx picks up the scent of the hare and pounces toward the small hairball. The sharp elongated claws dont dig in, and the hares long slender legs launch himself out of the hole and out of danger. The swift cat swings his claws around to hit the fast hare, but he hits the snow right under his back legs. The hare runs right between two willow trees and into a narrow opening which has a bunch of fallen willow trees. The hare has escaped from the lynx this one time, but the lynx will find other food. The lynx is a pale brown to brownish grey with black streaks on its neck, forehead, and on the back. It has a short tail, long tuffed ears, long slender legs, wide feet for control in the snow, and long very soft fur. The lynx will grow to be 30 to 40 inches long, and 24 to 28 inches high from feet to shoulders. They usually weight 15 to 45 pounds. When you see the lynx, at first sight, it looks gaunt and lanky, but it is really fast and muscular. The back legs are longer than the fore legs for better pouncing ability. From the front the lynx looks royal with its hair on its face coming out to two points (Myers 136). The lynx is closely related to the bobcat, which populates the north American region. The bobcat does not have big fluffy paws, or is not as big as the lynx in relative size. They have two different food varieties. The lynx eats hares ,and also may prey on small deer, dall sheep, grouse, mice. Rarely they feed on fish. On the other hand bobcats feed on grouse , fish, and other small rodents. Lynx chase and still hunt their prey. They chase hares or they stay up on cliffs and branches, and waiting to pounce on the animal as it goes by. The lynx ranges from Alaska, all the way across Canada. The lynx are usually found in climax forests and dense undercovers. They are usually found where hares are abundant. If there are no hares in the vicinity, they travel out into the tundra to find food. Lynx breed during March and April. The gestation period is 60 days long ( Myers 135) . They will have from 1- 4 kittens each year. They usually have dens, where they keep their kittens, in hollow trees or under a pile of brush. The kittens stay with the female until well into the next winter. The kittens dont open their eyes until 10 days after birth. They also only nurse for 3 to 4 months. When the population of the hares are up the litters of 2 to 4 kittens have a lot better chance to survive in the wilderness with their parents. When food is not abundant the female lynx might not have a litter at all that year or not until the hares have come back. Lynx usually are silent, but the males make a screeching noise to find a mate during breeding season. The weird thing about the lynx is when it is in a trap. It doesnt make a sound. It sits there calmly accepting its death. The Lynx are sly creatures that prowl at night to find their food. That is usually the reason why people dont see the lynx out in the wilderness a lot. The lynx are sensitive to bright light, because their eyes are made to see at night. Adult males usually hunt alone, not in packs like wolves.The females usually hunt with their family if the kittens are old enough to go along. The kits hunt with their mother and learn skills from her until they leave in the fallowing winter. The huge feet of the lynx give it superb agility in the snow. The lynx has been known to chase down slow clumsy fox that has slim and slender feet that dont give them any leverage on top of the snow. Trapping lynx
Sunday, October 20, 2019
An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Example for Free (#21)
An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Curriculum (102) , 21st Century (10) , Corazon Aquino (9) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Australian Ambassador to the Philippines Bill Tweddell and Philippine education officials opened recently the Assessment, Curriculum and Technology Research Centre (ACTRC). Located at the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Education building in Diliman, Quezon City, the facility will focus on research in support of the Philippines’ implementation of the K to 12 program, which is covered by a law recently signed by President Aquino. Tweddell, Education Secretary Armin Luistro, Commission on Higher Education Commissioner Cynthia Bautista, UP president Alfredo Pascual, other education officials and members of the academe attended ACTRC’s opening. The Australian government gave the P150-million grant for the establishment of the center in support of the country’s basic education reform program. ACTRC will focus on curriculum development, school assessment and the application of technology in upgrading the education system. â€Å"Australia strongly supports the Philippine government’s efforts in implementing the K to 12 program. Investing in a quality education system will provide better opportunities for all and a pathway out of poverty for the most disadvantaged,†Tweddell said in a statement. ACTRC will bring together the Philippines’ and Australia’s top research institutionsâ€â€the UP College of Education and the University of Melbourne’s Assessment Research Centre in â€Å"grounded research and evaluation activities in the areas of assessment, curriculum and technology as they relate to the implementation of the Philippine government’s K to 12 program.†Through grant-funding, the Australian Agency for International Development would support the center’s first three years of operation, the Australian embassy said. â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards. The interaction of curriculum, assessment and the use of technology are important facets of a successful education program,†Tweddell said. â€Å"The curriculum is the blueprint of an education system. Assessment provides a picture of where we are in that blueprint today. Technology enables the curriculum to respond to the needs of the 21st century,†he added. K to 12 is the Aquino administration’s flagship education reform program that aims to improve the quality of Philippine high school graduates by spreading the clogged 10-year curriculum over 12 years. In essence, the program hopes to give Filipino youth longer time to learn and prepare for life after basic education, whether they hope to go on to college or find employment after graduating from high school. â€Å"The University of Melbourne and its Graduate School of Education is proud to be associated with this major initiative to inform the Philippines’ education and research communities. The center will provide an opportunity to put into practice evidence-based research outcomes through its collaborative activities with the Philippines’ Department of Education,†said Professor Field Rickards, dean of the Graduate School of Education of the University of Melbourne. UP College of Education dean Rosario Alonzo said the facility and the collaboration it allowed would help promote the professional development of the UP faculty. â€Å"This is crucial to the university’s (UP) fulfillment of its mandate as a research university,†she said. The article discussed how the Australian Government supports the implementation of the K to 12 Program here in the Philippines. It is also written how they believe that the new curriculon that was founded by the current administration will make the Philippines educational system closer to the international standards. B. Words that I have learned from the article Academe – The academic environment or community; academia. Assessment – The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something: â€Å"the assessment of educational needs†. Collaboration – The action of working with someone to produce or create something. Crucial – Decisive or critical, esp. in the success or failure of something. Curriculum – The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college. Facets – A particular aspect or feature of something. Implementation – the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order C. Ideas I have learned about the article At first i thought that K to 12 program was a bad idea, because it prolongs the years of study of students like me and making it a little much of a burden to my parents because of the added budget for the tuition but when i read articles pertaining to K to 12 implementation such as the likes of this one I simply realize that it isnt such a bad thing after all. I mean 2 years of added time is just a little sacrifice of what can be a result of a better future plus when you know that there are countries, like Australia, that are willing to support us on this kinds of program makes us a little more confident with ourselves that we can be more of a competative player in the international playfield when it comes to education. The article was really informative. For me, reading this article changed my point of view on K to 12 program and it also boosted my morale when i read the line â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards.†because it gave me a heads up of what can be my potential in the future. Site link: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/412557/center-to-give-research-support-for-k-to-12#ixzz2blPK2DsX An Educational Article for the 21st century. (2016, May 07). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you
Friday, October 18, 2019
Weapons of Mass Destruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Weapons of Mass Destruction - Assignment Example 2. Why would someone be interested in making a WMD and what would they achieve by using it as a weapon to attack other people. Are there countries perceived as having the intentions of making or using WMDs? Terrorists are the most likely people to make and use WMDs. Their aim is retaliatory attacks especially against the US and her allies. Traditionally, all countries that support and harbor terrorism are likely candidates. 3. In case of an attack by WMD, how flexible is your department since we know that an enemy/terrorist usually thrives on elements of surprise? Do you have any immediate and appropriate plans what to do in case the unthinkable took place? We have learned a lot since Sep 11th and our team is always ready for any eventuality ranging from chemical, biological or even nuclear attack. We have reenacted and trained on all these possible scenarios and many more. Yes, there are several rescue and evacuation procedures put in place. For security reasons, this is classified. 4. How well coordinated are your local arrangements with adjacent jurisdictions such as the neighboring states and the Federal government? Whats your regional approach to the planning process? Do you have any nontraditional partners, goodwill parties and organizations like safety and occupational health organizations? We are a team. We have numerous programs in place and our teams have exchange programs every three to six months from the federal and other state agencies to ensure that we are in synch. We have partnered with the local community and private entities and have been offering them free training to empower and equip them accordingly. 5. What type of communication do you have? Can one use interoperable, backbone communication systems which are able to provide open and at the same time secure communication amongst all response parties?Â
Critically analyse whether courts too readily intervene in the Research Paper
Critically analyse whether courts too readily intervene in the international commercial arbitration process, so that party autonomy is qualified - Research Paper Example that they want to settle their matter in way that is alternative to the courts, and, by agreeing to an arbitration clause, the parties have explicitly rejected the courts jurisdiction. This can occur for any number of reasons, including the unacceptability, unsuitability and the inappropriateness of the court. Whatever the reason, arbitration clauses make clear the parties intent, and this intent is to not litigate their dispute. 3 The arbitral tribunal has the responsibility in disposing of all matters that are subject to dispute.4 Therefore, court intervention in these matters is potentially problematic, and can even be said to be contrary to the parties intentions. Yet, courts routinely get involved in matters that are set to be resolved by arbitration. Although there are some advantages to court intervention, there are significant disadvantages as well. For one, court intervention introduces the complications that arbitration is designed to avoid – it makes arbitration expensive, lengthy, and less efficient. Arbitration challenges â€Å"result in parallel proceedings, create potentially lengthy appeals, and require parties to retain local counsel at the seat of arbitration.†5 Moreover, according to at least one commentator, court intervention is usually only seen when emotions are high,6 which means that court intervention would tend to have even more of a deleterious affect on arbitration proceedings. There are a variety of reasons why courts get involved, and the forms of court involved are also varied. At base, courts cannot be completely excluded from the arbitration process because they are required to enforce arbitration agreements and awards, and need to police and support the arbitration process with international standards.7 The power that the courts have in the arbitration process may be categorised as powers of assistance, powers of intervention, powers of supervision or control, and powers of recognition and enforcement.8 The courts
The Travels of a T-Shirt - Government Subsidies Essay
The Travels of a T-Shirt - Government Subsidies - Essay Example In agreement with government subsidies, this form of government intervention reduces the cost of production and encourages the producers to increase output. Government intervention/producer subsidies are of various forms. An example is state subsidies. State subsidies are financed from general taxation or by borrowing (Schuster, 2006). Government subsidies cause various productive firm’s supply curve to shift to the right. The amount spent on subsidy by the government is equivalent to the subsidy per unit multiplied by total output (Day & Schoemaker, 2005). A direct subsidy commonly offered by a government to supplement consumer’s demands has the effect of boosting demand. This results in an outward shift of demand. Examples of subsidies include an input subsidy, bails, fiscal assistance (loans and grants), government grants to cover losses made by business and a guaranteed on the factor cost of a product. Subsidies make sense in various demand and supply situations of the economy. The travels of T-shirt in Global Economy represents some of the scenarios in which subsidies may play a crucial role in the examination of market forces, power and politics of world trade (Rivoli, 2015). The overall international trade topic is a very crucial topic to discuss in the abstract though when this topic is focused on a single product, it is easy to be dealt with (World Bank Group, 2011). Subsidies in the international trade in most cases dwell with specific products. Only in extreme cases in the world economy do subsidies deal with conglomerate products. Through the story of travels of T-shirt, globalization advocacy is portrayed critically as the major issue behind international trade and individual country’s economy development (Prono, 2006). The competitive economic markets and increased living standards at the expense of the maximum and minimum wage bills among different
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Pollution as an Environmental Concern for All Essay
Pollution as an Environmental Concern for All - Essay Example This essay discusses that there is no denying that pollution is a major problem in our world today. This problem poses a threat to the world’s population at the present time and to future generations, in terms of human health and development. There are several forms in which pollution can be observed. Each type of pollution has its own characteristics that make it unique from the other forms. Some forms of pollution are able to have a residual effect on the earth and inhabitants even a long while after it first originates. Some of these forms of pollution include heavy metal contamination and organic pollutants which persist over a long time period. A wide variety of different forms of pollution are affecting the quality of the soil, water and air that composes our environment. There are ways to cope with these problems, but it some cases the damage caused by pollution is irreversible. These pollutants originate from sources such as mining, improper waste management, smelting and processing plants, industrial mining activities, urban activities and improper recycling of materials such as lead acid batteries. Some of the worst pollution problems are in many forms a product of poverty. Urbanization at high levels and lack of infrastructure, overextended governments who are ill equipped to deal with crisis, present a dangerous situation for human health as people are exposed to pollution or are forced resort to dangerous forms of income generation that expose them to pollutants. Contaminated Water Sources Mercury contamination of groundwater and the environment is a major problem as a result of artisanal gold mining. Toxic materials are used quite commonly used in order to recover metals and gems from the earth. As a result of this practice, large amounts of mercury are released into the environment. The mercury is combined with gold carrying silt to form a compound that contains most of the gold that was in the silt. The mercury is later evaporated with th e use of blow torches or open flame to heat the compound and release the gold pieces. Mercury is released into the air and surrounding environment, which includes faraway places as it is deposited far from its place of origin. A variety or organisms are also affected as they absorb this substance from their environment. The mercury is then transformed through this process into methyl mercury, which is one of the most dangerous toxins that can find its way into the food chain. This substance acts as a neurotoxin. The fish and seafood we eat, and the air we breathe, may be contaminated by this mercury. However, the people and miners who are working in this industry are even more at risk for experiencing health problems due to exposure. It is estimated that for every gram of gold produced, two grams of mercury are emitted into the atmosphere. To deal with this problem, certain technologies can be used to reduce mercury vapours and recapture the mercury from the amalgamated compound so that it can be reused. There are programs initiating these techniques such as the UNIDO’s Global Mercury Project. The programs are effective when implemented at a community level but they do require much work and are challenging to deploy especially in low income areas. Surficial water contamination is threatening the health of each person on the planet. If water treatment plants are not able to keep up with high water consumption demands, we will all suffer the consequences. Currently one third of the world is experiencing some sort of water pollution issues and must face the challenges of only having contaminated water available. In the developing world, almost 5 million deaths are related to water
Something important that you learned from this course Essay
Something important that you learned from this course - Essay Example They view the need for change as the opportunity for employees to succeed in their professional lives and increase the level of productivity. According to Lussier and Achua, an effective leadership is one that influences constituencies to make a shift from self-interests to collective interests of the group (348). In short, the role of leaders is to identify the need of the followers, make them aware of the need to fulfill those needs, provide followers a well-designed and practical strategy to follow, and to motivate people to continue their efforts for the achievement of goals and objectives. On the other hand, managers are people who supervise and control the activities of their subordinates in order to keep organizational system running. Here, an important point to mention is that managers are not born, they are appointed as managers by the top officials and stakeholders of their respective companies. Conversely, leaders are not appointed, rather they are born as leaders. Manager s have all abilities of an effective leader due to which they get the opportunity to manage other employees. Top management officials include the stakeholders and owners of companies who appoint managers based on their effective management and leadership skills. Managers are the most talented employees of a company who are able to show their managerial skills and decision-making ability in carrying out their job tasks as the result of which the top officials appoint them as managers of their respective departments. They get those promotions based on their ability to manage and control their own tasks and other employees’ activities in an effective manner. Leadership plays a key role in motivating people to achieve the desired set of goals. Without having an effective leadership with a clear approach and strategy, it is impossible for the followers to make a successful struggle towards the achievement of goals (Coutts 1). Employees need to keep up their confidence and motivati on to continue working for the cause in an efficient manner even in recession. Sometimes, such phases occur in a project when the level of enthusiasm and motivation of employees go down. In such cases, managers are the people who play the role of effective leaders and drive employees towards completion of the project without any delay. Analyzing these aspects of leadership and management, it is evident that both concepts are interconnected and do not have any considerable difference between them.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Possible Uses of a Hammer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 209
Possible Uses of a Hammer - Assignment Example In addition, a hammer can also be used as a tool for drilling holes into surfaces and shaping objects by hitting a chisel with it. The following experience makes it easier to identify the different options that are available for a particular scenario. The information is presented in a simplified form that is easy to understand without spending a lot of time on it. This helps an individual to make a quick decision-saving time since the desired information is easily spotted. This technique of listing the different possibilities can be used in a variety of other situations to help simplify data for the user. For example, in the banks, an individual can conduct various transactions. Each transaction has a different chargee. g when sending money to another country, the amount charged is different depending on the amount one is sending and the country of the intended transfer. To simplify this charges for customers, banks can prepare a matrix indicating the range of money that is to be sent in a specific country on the vertically and the amount charged alongside it on the horizontally. Another example is that can use a matrix to simplify information is the assessment of employees against certain set criteria for performance appraisal. The desired employee traits and achievements in the various fields such as punctuality, present ability, and achievement of organizational objectives can be written on vertically. The score of the employee can be indicated horizontally for example under the heading very good, good, average, poor or very poor. This would make the evaluation of the employees easy on the various fields with the score being easily picked at each field. The use of a matrix can help individuals summarize a lot of information into a simple table. This can help in understanding various uses of different objects that are not known.
Something important that you learned from this course Essay
Something important that you learned from this course - Essay Example They view the need for change as the opportunity for employees to succeed in their professional lives and increase the level of productivity. According to Lussier and Achua, an effective leadership is one that influences constituencies to make a shift from self-interests to collective interests of the group (348). In short, the role of leaders is to identify the need of the followers, make them aware of the need to fulfill those needs, provide followers a well-designed and practical strategy to follow, and to motivate people to continue their efforts for the achievement of goals and objectives. On the other hand, managers are people who supervise and control the activities of their subordinates in order to keep organizational system running. Here, an important point to mention is that managers are not born, they are appointed as managers by the top officials and stakeholders of their respective companies. Conversely, leaders are not appointed, rather they are born as leaders. Manager s have all abilities of an effective leader due to which they get the opportunity to manage other employees. Top management officials include the stakeholders and owners of companies who appoint managers based on their effective management and leadership skills. Managers are the most talented employees of a company who are able to show their managerial skills and decision-making ability in carrying out their job tasks as the result of which the top officials appoint them as managers of their respective departments. They get those promotions based on their ability to manage and control their own tasks and other employees’ activities in an effective manner. Leadership plays a key role in motivating people to achieve the desired set of goals. Without having an effective leadership with a clear approach and strategy, it is impossible for the followers to make a successful struggle towards the achievement of goals (Coutts 1). Employees need to keep up their confidence and motivati on to continue working for the cause in an efficient manner even in recession. Sometimes, such phases occur in a project when the level of enthusiasm and motivation of employees go down. In such cases, managers are the people who play the role of effective leaders and drive employees towards completion of the project without any delay. Analyzing these aspects of leadership and management, it is evident that both concepts are interconnected and do not have any considerable difference between them.
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Foundations of Mythology Essay Example for Free
Foundations of Mythology Essay Myths have been a great part of history, from the very moment humans roamed the green marble we call Earth. Therefore, mythology has become just as relevant in attempting to answer lifes greatest questions as any scientific method. Myths have shaped our world from the very beginning to the world we live in today. We will explore the common meaning of myth versus the academic meaning of myth, what are some of the common mythological themes, and the relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion. Myth is a word commonly used to describe a widely held but false belief or idea, (Google, 2014). As an example, when someone says thats a myth, they are commonly referring to something being false, untrue, or nonfactual. It is in this context that the majority of the population would use and have used the word myth. In an academic context, a myth is an ancient narrative that attempts to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions, (Leonard McClure, 2004, pg. 1). I would define a myth as a statement or event that is believed in without factual basis. Just because the facts elude us, does not make something untrue or false, merely unproven. If something remains unproven, it should not be considered or perceived as false. After all, if it is not proven to be false, it does not make it true and vice versa. The most common mythological themes are of creation, the birth of order, and secretion themes. Many diverse culture around the globe address such similar and universal themes because they are all attempting to answer the most profound questions. Questions that deal with our existence, the existence of all around us, as well as what occurs upon the death of our bodies. These themes tend to cover the creation of all that exists, the order and mechanics of everything, and why things are the way they are. One commonly overlooked creation myth is that of the big bang theory. There is no factual data that indicates that the big bang occurred millions of years ago, or that it occurred at all, let alone that it will repeat the cycle of condensing all material into a sphere (the size of a period on this page, up to marble sized which is the source of another debate). Truth is that there is more data that points to a young earth, solar system, and universe than there is for millions of years (Creation Today, 2010). There exists an intertwining relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion whether or not we acknowledge it. Many religions are based on mythology and those in practice of such religions must believe in the knowledge attained from and passed on by centuries of practitioners prior to them. For example, a Buddhist believes he or she will reincarnate to a higher or lower social class depending on their behavior during their current life. This cycle is repeated until enlightenment is attained. This is based on the mythology of Buddha that has become a religion, which millions of people around the globe believe to be truth based on the writings of Buddha himself and the knowledge of all those who came after him. It is this intersection of belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion that has helped countless of people cope with fear of death, or fears in general, with poverty, injustice, suffering, and the unknown. Mythology is still relevant in todays contemporary culture. Although, the word mythology is not commonly used synonymous with religious beliefs, mythology has shaped the modern social cultures. The majority of people have a religious point of view, whether they believe in a god, many gods, or none at all. It is these belief systems that help them to deal with the unknown, hardships in life, and death. Science has been making leaps and bounds in recent years. Nevertheless, modern science cannot pretend to know half of everything, but given that it did know half of everything, is it not possible to have a creator that dwelled in the half we do not know? I dare to comment that it is quite possible, even more so, that it is inevitable. References Creation Today. (2010, May 12). The age of the earth. Retrieved from http://creationtoday.org/seminar-part-1-the-age-of-the-earth/ Google. (2014). Google search. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=mythsafe=off Leonard, S., McClure, M. (2004). _Myth knowing: An introduction to world mythology_. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Effects of Sedentary Lifestyle on Obesity
Effects of Sedentary Lifestyle on Obesity Introduction Currently, obesity and overweight is a main global health problem plaguing almost the whole planet. Studies show that in 2005 1.6 billion adults were overweight and 400 million adults were obese. As it is portrayed, obesity and overweight is a problem of the contemporary societies that cannot be confronted. According to a recent study of the World Health Organisation, it is predicted that there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults by 2015 in the world and more than 700 million of them will be obese. Also it is important to realise that obesity and overweigh are modern problems of the societies since statistics referring to these problems did not exist 60 years ago. Therefore, it is clear that obesity and overweight apart from genetic predisposition and psychological disorders might derive as well from the modern sedentary lifestyle that is highly affected by the recent technological development and from poor nutrition as there is an increase in convenience food. However in order to understand the extent and significance of the problem it is important to define and analyse overweight and obesity. Obesity can be defined as a medical condition in which body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has a negative effect on health. A healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for the proper functioning of the hormonal, reproductive, and immune systems, as thermal insulation, as shock absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. But the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement and flexibility, can alter the appearance of the body and cause health problems. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep (pulmonary diseases), hypertension, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. In particular, cancer of the colon as well as prostate in men and cancer in breasts, ovaries and cervix in women have been found to be related to obesity. Furthermore, hypertension has been found to be related CHD and strokes. As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy and be one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Investigators have estimated that if everybody had the optimal body mass there would be 3 years added to life expectancy, 25 percent less coronary heart disease and 35 percent less congestive heart failure and brain infection. Overweight is generally defined as having more body fat than is optimally healthy, without reaching the body fat value for obesity. The generally accepted view is that being overweight causes similar health problems to obesity, but to a minor degree. It is estimated that the risk of death increases by 20 to 40 percent among overweight people and that being overweight at age 40 reduces life expectancy by three years. Being overweight or obese has been identified also as a cause of cancer. Psychological well-being is also at risk in the overweight individual due to social discrimination. However, children under the age of eight are normally not affected. The prevalence of obesity and overweight is strongly related to age. The 16 to 24 years age group (for both men and women) is substantially less at risk of becoming obese than older age groups. Those aged between 25 and 34 have the second lowest rates of obesity and overweight. Middle aged people are those who are in the most risky position of becoming obese or overweight. In order to further understand obesity and overweight it is important to analyse the methods used in order to classify and tell the degree to which a person is overweight or obese. The most popular method used is that of the Body Mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index. The Body Mass index is a statistical measure of body weight based on a persons weight and height. Though it does not actually measure the percentage of body fat, it is used to estimate a healthy body weight based on a persons height. Due to its ease of measurement and calculation, it is the most popular diagnostic tool to identify weight problems within a population, usually to classify adult underweight, overweight and obesity. Body Mass Index is found by dividing the body mass in kilograms by the square of height in meters. This technique can also act as a health since it appears to provide relative results concerning the degree of risk associated with overweight or obesity. Mortality and morbidity start increase at high rates at a BMI of more than 25. Therefore the desired levels of BMI are those below 25. Below there is a table of the BMI classification according to the World Health Organisation confirming what was previously stated. Classification BMI(kg/m2) Underweight
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Cell Phones And Driving: Dangers Involved with Cell Phone Use While Dr
Most people don’t abide by the rules and regulations of the road. Most people don’t even know that they are breaking the law because they do it so often. Talking on the cell phone and driving has become a very popular thing these days. Technology is coming out with the newest phones that can do everything for you and people are attracted to that. There are people that don’t have hands free and drive their car with only one hand, people that text and totally take their eye off the road and type conversations to each other. Bluetooth is another technological breakthrough where you wear an ear piece and can receive phone calls by one touch of a button on the ear piece. This alone takes our attention off the road and into the cell phone. This is ridiculous and everyone has these gadgets and they drive their car day in and day out. Whether it be talking using your hands, talking by text or talking hands free; are all dangerous. It is likely that everyone has ta lked on the cell phone while operating a motor vehicle. I believe that this is a very bad issue that we have going on and not much enforcement is being made. I have five different sources that all say that driving and talking on the phone is dangerous, even fatal. The Governor Highway Safety Association(GHSA), presents us with cell phone driving laws and has made a chart showing the states that have cracked down the cell phone usage with laws. They say that several states restrict cell phone use while driving. This shows us that this is a problem and that states are making laws to control drivers to obey the rules and pay attention on the road. 29 states have collect crash data from cell phone use and driving. 9 states have preemption laws. 5 states have handh... ...elf, or another person due to a non important conversation that could wait depending on the drive. Just pull over and talk. Remember, you have voicemail for a reason. Works Cited â€Å"Cell Phone Driving Laws†by Governor Highway Safety Association, 30, March 2008. http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html Insurance Information institute, â€Å"Cell Phone and Driving†April 2008. http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/cellphones/ Live Science, â€Å"Drivers on Cell Phones Kill thousands, snarl traffic†01, February 2005, http://www.livescience.com/technology/050201_cell_danger.html Cnet, â€Å"Cell phones as dangerous as drunk driving,†01, July 2006. http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6090342-7.html ABC News, Why Cell Phones and Driving Don't Mix, 29, June 2005. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/story?id=889064&page=1
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Market Segmentation, Positioning and targeting for BMW :: Business and Management Studies
Market Segmentation, Positioning and targeting for BMW 1.1 Introduction This report aims to examine the market segmentation, positioning and targeting of BMW (automobile company). BMW will be examined giving information about the company and where it is now and any recommendations that we feel are appropriate. 1.2 BMW Company Profile BMW was formed in 1917, from the merger of two small aero engine makers. Their famous blue and white symbol stems from the colours of the Bavarian Luftwaffe and is said to resemble the view of the one of their plane through a propeller. BMW is renowned for its sporty, sophisticated & luxury image which has been built up since the 1970's with many motor sport victories ranging from Touring Car to Formula 1. BMW Group's worldwide mission statement is: "To be the most successful premium manufacturer in the industry."[1] 1.3 BMW's Marketing Mix To examine BMW we must first look at the marketing mix. A company's marketing mix is made up of four main points these are Price, Product, Promotion and Place. Through these points we can examine the specifics of a company to gain an insight into their segmentation, targeting and positioning. 1.4 Product The products produced by BMW are prestigious, high performance, technologically advanced automobiles. These start from mid-range cars up to the most prestigious and luxurious. The present models are: BMW 3 Series - Saloon, Coupe, Convertible, Touring, Compact ----------------------------------------------------------- BMW 5 Series - Saloon, Touring BMW 7 Series – Saloon BMW Z3 - Roadster BMW Z4 - Roadster BMW Z8 - Roadster BMW X5 - 4WD BMW M - M5, M3 Coupe, M3 Convertible, M Roadster, M Coupe Mini Cooper - an independent brand within the BMW Group[2] 1.5 Price BMW price ranges are from $17,000 to $80,000. There are many options that affect their car prices such as engine size, equipment levels and motor sport versions. This means you can purchase a base model (which is the cheapest) and then add options which may cost as much as ?20,000 more per car. Examples of price: Model ----- Lowest Price. Highest Price cc: BMW 3 Series ?16,265 ?32,870 BMW 5 Series. ?23,540 ?42,010 BMW 7 Series ?52,750e ce. ?60,000 BMW Z3 ?
Friday, October 11, 2019
The Traumatic Brain Injury Health And Social Care Essay
Traumatic hurt of the caput and encephalon has been a serious issue for world since the morning of civilisation. Even early Hagiographas in neurosurgery describe care of head hurt. The encephalon is a partly solid construction that weighs about 3 pounds and utilizes around 80 % of the organic structure ‘s entire volume ingestion of O ( Heegaard ) . When external force is applied, an change in encephalon map may ensue. This change in encephalon map is referred to as traumatic encephalon hurt ( TBI ) ( Menon ) . TBI occurs most normally after a sudden blow or daze to the caput ( Spencer ) . There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast ( Nolan ) . TBI may be mild, moderate or terrible. Badness is frequently first determined by an initial test that includes appraisal on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and appraisal of the cranial nervus physiological reactions, which includes an appraisal of student size and responsiveness of the students, corneal physiological reaction, and joke physiological reaction, and a motor scrutiny. An test is besides done to measure for coincident cervical spinal column hurt ( Callahan ) . More advanced appraisal techniques, such as CT and MRI are utilized to measure TBI abuses as hurt advancements. There are two categorizations of TBI: primary abuses and secondary abuses. The primary abuse occurs at the minute of impact. The secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. For illustration, the primary abuse may dwell of the displacement in encephalon tissues that consequences from a blow to the caput ( Menon ) . The secondary abuse may so dwell of the gradual puffiness that occurs in the injured encephalon. While TBI may look stray and trauma confined to the caput, it is in fact a complex, chronic, and dynamic procedure that requires consistent attending as associated affected organic structure systems are managed ( Losiniecki, Masel ) . Additionally, TBI presents otherwise and must be treated otherwise in different populations. Neonates, kids, and geriatric populations present in different ways and must be treated otherwise in neurosurgical units for both mild and terrible TBI.EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGYTBI is the taking cause of morbidity and mortality after injury ( Berry et al, in Ough ) and nowadayss as the taking global cause of morbidity and mortality in persons under 45 old ages of age ( Werner ) . TBI represents more than half of the injury related deceases in the United States ( Menaker. However, mortality from TBI has improved significantly over the past 2 decennaries as a consequence of betterments made in neurosurgical attention, turning away of serious comorbidities that can happen inmate, and intercessions in the public safety sector ( DeCuypere ) . The estimated one-year incidence of TBI in the United States is about 1.7 million happenings, with about 506 instances per each 100,000 ; this estimation does n't take into consideration TBI sustained by patients evaluated at military infirmaries or Veterans personal businesss, or those who are undiagnosed because they choose non to seek intervention ( Ough ) . Disclosed happening of TBI is greater in developing states ; this is mostly been attributed to increased rates in motor vehicle hurts ( Corrigan et al, in Ough ) . In the United States, major hazard factors associated with TBI are age, gender, and quality of insurance. While the most common causes of TBI are falling, motor vehicle hits, being hit by an object, and assault, age makes a difference when it comes to prevalence of hurt. Across the board, the greatest subscriber to TBI hurts, exigency room visits, and hospitalizations in the U.S. is falling, with the most frequent hurts happening in those under 4 old ages of age or over 75 old ages of age ( Faul, in Ough ) . The greatest subscriber to TBI hurts in persons 15 to 24 old ages of age is centrifugal vehicle hits. Motor vehicle hits besides have the highest mortality rate associated with TBI ( Faul, in Ough ) . In the paediatric population, major causes of TBI vary by age. In babies, inflicted TBI is the major cause of TBI ( Keenan, in Ough ) . In yearlings, falling is the major subscriber to TBI ( Giza, in Ough ) . In older kids and striplings, motor vehicle hits are the chief cause of TB I ( Faul, in Ough ) . Gender besides affairs. Males are twice every bit likely to endure a TBI as were females ( Faul et al, in Ough ) Additionally, uninsured or publically insured patients were twice every bit likely to endure TBI when compared with in private insured patients. In the United States, of the 1.1 million persons who suffer TBI each twelvemonth and are evaluated in the exigency room, 50,000 dice. Children 14 old ages of age and younger history for more than 2,600 deceases, and kids between the ages of 0 – 4 and 15 – 19 have the highest per centum of visits to the exigency room as a consequence of TBI. Adults older than 75 old ages of age have the highest per centum of hospitalizations and decease as a consequence of TBI ( Menaker ) . Initial rating of badness of TBI is similar to the initial rating done on all trauma patients. The initial test includes appraisal on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and appraisal of the cranial nervus physiological reactions, which includes an appraisal of student size and responsiveness of the students, corneal physiological reaction, and joke physiological reaction, and a motor scrutiny. An test is besides done to measure for coincident cervical spinal column hurt ( Callahan ) . From at that place, practicians must be watchful for ever-evolving secondary abuses, hurts that may include hypotension, anaemia, hypercarbia, acapnia, hypotension, intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to compact unaffected tissues, intellectual hydrops, and hypoxia.Epidemiology of Mild Traumatic Brain InjuryNinety per centum of TBIs are considered mild, with infrequent intracranial complications that are either life threatening ( 10 % of instances ) or necessitate neurosurgical intercession ( 1 % o f instances ) ( Vos ) . Approximately 275,000 hospital ratings occur every twelvemonth in the U.S. for nonfatal TBI. A concussion is considered a mild TBI ( Callahan ) . One survey ( McCrea et al, in Iverson ) on concussions in athleticss reported that 30 % of high school football participants indicated that they had suffered at least one concussion antecedently ; 15 % of participants indicated that they had suffered a concussion during the present football season. There are about 1.12 million mild TBIs each twelvemonth in the U.S. However, figure may be underestimated, as many persons who sustain mild TBI do non seek medical attending after being injured and are hence non evaluated in the exigency room or admitted into the infirmary ( Sosin, in Iverson ) .MechanismUnderstanding the mechanism of hurt is indispensable for proper intervention. This offers several indispensable chances to the health professional: the first is the chance to be assured that no facet of the initial hurt has been overlooked or missed ( Nolan ) ; the second is the chance to avoid possible complications secondary to the primary abuse. There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast. However, it is the conveyance of energy to encephalon tissue that causes the subsequent harm. This conveyance may be summarized as follows: KE = M/2 x V2 in which KE = kinetic energy ; M = mass ; and V = speed. Beginning: ( Nolan )Blunt TraumaBlunt traumatic hurt is the most common cause of TBI. Blunt trauma often consequences from motor vehicle accidents, bike or bike accidents, falls, featuring accidents, or assaults. Motor vehicle accidents account for 50 % of all blunt traumatic hurts. This figure includes accidents that consist of motor vehicles, bikes, bikes, motor vehicle and prosaic hits. ( Nolan ) . Determining force of impact in blunt traumatic hurt, peculiarly in motor vehicle accidents, helps practicians predict badness of hurt, short and long term effects, and likely forecast. In motor vehicle accidents, force is determined by 5 different factors: mass ten acceleration, way, continuance, and rate. To give an illustration: If an unrestrained rider is thrown from an car going at 30 miles per hour, this is the same force of impact as if that individual fell from a 3 narrative edifice. Badness of hurt, and subsequent anticipation of effects can be determined by the per centum of impact the rider absorbs. For case, in a bike accident, the rider absorbs 100 % of the force of impact. TBI in bike accidents causes 75 % of all correlative deceases. However, if the rider wears a helmet, hazard of decease diminutions, because the rider will absorb a lower force of impact in the event of an accident. Similarly, if riders in cars wear safety belts, or are siting in cars equipped with air bags, the hazard of decease diminutions, because the rider will absorb a lower force of impact in the event of an accident than they would hold if they had hit a windscreen or a place unrestrained. It is of import for practicians to cognize if incoming patients with TBI were in accidents with or without keeping devices.Penetrating TraumaPenetrating traumatic hurt is the consequence of a blunt of crisp object perforating the skull. The encephalon is so exposed and the object enters the encephalon. While force of impact is a factor in badness of hurt in perforating injury, factors such as point of entry and angle and deepness of entry must besides be considered when finding extent and badness of hurts. The highest figure of deceases related to perforating TBI are attributable to gunshot lesions. Practitioners are good served in holding basic cognition of ballistic trajectories and kinematics. Put merely, ballistic trajectories trades with the flight mechanics of objects such as slugs. Kinematicss in human gesture trades with the survey of human placement, angles, and speed in assorted organic structure sections ( Richey ) . In handling gunshot lesions, these scientific disciplines may be used to find extent and badness of hurt by first finding flight, force, and gesture. Three factors that determing the extent of hurt in gunshot lesions are frontal country, speed, and distance. The frontal country is the surface country of the slug where it strikes an object. Velocity refers to rush and is cardinal in the general extent of the hurt. Higher speed means higher energyer, which translates into higher force of impact. What this basically translates into is that a little quality slug going really fast can make more harm than a big quality slug going easy, and high speed arms do more harm than average speed arms. Therefore, speed in an hurt is an of import consideration for practicians. Finally, distance refers to how far off the victim was from the arm that caused the harm. When there is great distance between the victim and the arm, there has been chance for air opposition to diminish the speed of the slug, which decreases energy and therefore descreases the subsequent force of impact. This means that cognizing the approximative distance between the victi m and the arm is of import for practicians in finding extent and badness of hurts, every bit good as finding possible secondary complications.Blast TraumaBlast traumatic hurt consequences from a combination of blunt and perforating force hurts and is going more common. Blast traumatic hurt is often seen in soldiers returning from war zones, and understanding the mechanics of blast traumatic hurt is of import for practicians so they can understand how to care for patients who have suffered these injuries.CategorizationTBI hurt may be classified as either primary or secondary.Primary AbusesThe primary abuse in TBI occurs at the minute of impact. The primary abuse is the initial physical supplanting of physical encephalon tissue ( Menon ) . When the impact occurs, the extent of badness of hurt may be determined by the extent to which intellectual perfusion force per unit area ( CPP ) is adequately maintained. This is gauged by analyzing autoregulation of intellectual blood flow ( CBF ) , which is approximately estimated through ciphering CPP by taking the difference between the average arterial force per unit area ( MAP ) and intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) . Cerebral blood vass autoregulate and maintain the desired CBF by compressing and distending in response to altering physiologic conditions ( Zwienenberg, in Heegaard ) . However, in the event of injury, autoregulation and CBF are often disrupted. When there is direct tissue harm that leads to dis-regulation of intellectual blood flow, metamorphosis is in bend disrupted, which consequences in anaerobiotic metamorphosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis does non supply sufficient cell energy ; hence, this in bend leads to the depletion of ATP shops and the membrane ion pump fails, as it is dependent on cellular energy. When the membrane ion pump fails, there is aggregate membrane depolarisation and a release of a tide of excitant neurotransmitters. This in bend incites coevals of free groups. These events cascade and lead to necrotic cell decease, which so incites secondary abuses. The extent of alteration to these facets is straight correlated with clinical result ( Heegaard ) . Immediate cell decease is the consequence of the primary hurt, and this harm to the encephalon tissue is irreversible ( Albert-Weisenberger ) . This is why many interventions focus on the suppression of secondary abuse Cascadess to protect the unity of the staying neurological architecture.Secondary AbusesThe secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. Secondary abuses evolve more easy than primary abuses. Secondary hurts are both the consequence of badness of the primary hurt and may lend to the deterioration of the result of the primary hurt. Additionally, the type and grade of the secondary hurt is a major make up one's minding factor in the concluding clinical result ( Heegaard ) . Secondary abuses can be either extracranial or intracranial ( Maas ) . Examples of extracranial secondary abuses are hypoxia, hypothermia, hyperthermy, and hypotension. Examples of intracranial secondary abuses are intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to impact unaffected tissues, and intellectual hydrops. Secondary abuses may hold utmost inauspicious effects should they happen either prehospital or in infirmary, and practicians should watch for happening of these hurts.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYGeneral PathophysiologyOne signature feature of TBI is diffuse axonal hurt, which occurs as a direct consequence of the injury ( Sahler ) . Diffuse axonal hurt consequences from rotational forces that are in drama during traumatic impact. This is an illustration of a primary abuse, or hurt. There is direct tissue harm that leads to dis-regulation of intellectual blood flow and disrupted metamorphosis, which consequences in anaerobiotic metamorphosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis does non suppl y sufficient cell energy ; hence, this in bend leads to the depletion of ATP shops and the membrane ion pump fails, as it is dependent on cellular energy. When the membrane ion pump fails, there is aggregate membrane depolarisation and a release of a tide of excitant neurotransmitters. This in bend incites coevals of free groups. These events cascade to organize a perfect storm that lead to necrotic cell decease. This so leads to secondary abuses that may include conditions such as hypotension, anaemia, hypercarbia, acapnia, hypotension, intracranial high blood pressure, lesions that work to compact unaffected tissues, intellectual hydrops, and hypoxia.Specific PathophysiologyCerebral Blood FlowThe extent of badness of hurt may be determined by the extent to which intellectual perfusion force per unit area ( CPP ) is adequately maintained. This is gauged by analyzing autoregulation of intellectual blood flow ( CBF ) , which is approximately estimated through ciphering CPP by taking the difference between the average arterial force per unit area ( MAP ) and intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) . Cerebral blood vass autoregulate and maintain the desired CBF by compressing and distending in response to altering physiologic conditions ( Zwienenberg, in Heegaard ) . However, in the event of injury, autoregulation and CBF are often disrupted. The Brain Trauma Foundation offers guidelines for pull offing CPP in patients who have suffered terrible TBI. It is recommended that CPP be maintained at over 60 millimeters Hg in these patients, as it has been shown that a really low CPP carries a important hazard of intellectual ischaemia, which in bend triggers a cascade of damaging pathophysiological procedures that threaten the unity of encephalon constructions ( Zink et al ) .Cerebrovascular AutoregulationAfter TBI occurs, autoregulation of CBF – significance cerebrovascular bottleneck or dilation that occurs in response to either additions or lessenings in CPP – is impaired or wholly destroyed in most patients ( Werner ) . Defective autoregulation of CBF may show itself instantly after the injury or it may develop over clip, and it is either transient or persistent in nature irrespective of the badness of the harm caused. Additionally, autoregulatory vasoconstriction appears to be more immune than does autoregulatory vasodilation. This indicates that patients may be more sensitive to damage from lower instead than higher CPPs.Cerebral VasospasmAn of import secondary abuse that decides patient result ( 37, 51, from Werner ) is post-traumatic intellectual vasospasm, which occurs in over tierce of TBI patients. Vasospasm indicates terrible encephalon harm. The extent of hypoperfusion and temporal profile with post-traumatic vasospasm contrasts vasospasm that occurs post-aneurysmal subarachnoidal bleeding. Onset varies from twenty-four hours 2 to twenty-four hours 15 and hypoperfusion typically occurs in 50 % of patients that develop vasospasm.Cerebral Metabolic DysfunctionCerebral metamorphosis and energy are frequently reduced after TBI ( 15, 12, 18, 23 Werner ) . The grade of decrease or failure of metamorphosis straight relates to the badness of the primary abuse, and result is worse in patients with lower metabolic rates as compared to patients with minor or no intellectual metabolic disfunction ( 72 Werner ) . An alternate event, hypermetabolism, may besides happen ( 4, 9, in Werner ) . This event is driven by the brief ionic fluxation of the transmembrane with back-to-back neuroexcitation that are non sufficiently met by additions in CBF. This failure supports the cascade of secondary ischaemic hurt.Cerebral OxygenationA characterizing quality of TBI is the instability between the bringing and ingestion of intellectual O. This mismatch is induced by several vascular and hemodynamic mechanisms, but the common end point to be discussed is tissue hypoxia. The critical threshold of O force per unit area, as measured in the encephalon tissue of patients enduring from TBI indicates, is 15-10 millimeter Hg PtO2 ( 28, 56 ) . Below this threshold, infarction of the neural tissue occurs. Consequently, the extent and continuance of tissue hypoxia correlates with result. However, want of O to the encephalon with secondary encephalon harm may happen even with normal CPP or intracranial force per unit area ( ICP ) ( 65 ) .EdemaEdema formation is a frequent happening after TBI. Brain odema related to structural harm or osmotic instability prompted by the primary or secondary abuse. Vasogenic encephalon hydrops: Caused by autodigestive or mechanical break or the dislocation of the endothelial cells of the encephalon. This allows for uncontrolled ion and protein transportation from the intravascular encephalon to the interstitial encephalon, which prompts H2O accretion and increases extracellular infinite. ( 16,68 ) Cytoxic encephalon hydrops: The qualifying factor of this hydrops is the intracellular accretion of nerve cells, astrocytes, and microglia. This occurs irrespective of the vascular endothelial cell wall, and is caused by increased membrane permeableness, the failure of the ionic pump as a consequence of energy depletion, and reabsorbtion of osmotically active solutes ( 64, 68 ) Both vasogenic and cytoxic edemic relate to increased ICP and secondary ischaemic abuses ( 41, 42 )InflammationTBI prompts an array of immunological and inflammatory tissue responses. Both primary and secondary abuses prompt the release of free groups, proinflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins.Necrosis and ApoptosisThere are two different types of cell decease that can happen after TBI. One is mortification, which is the localised decease of cells due to an hurt. The other is apoptosis, or the programmed decease of a cell. Necrosis occurs as a response to major mechanical or ischaemic hypoxic tissue harm associated with an inordinate release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, which is besides accompanied by metabolic failure. Phospholipases, lipid, and proteases later autolyse the membrane and the ensuing cell dust is perceived to be an antigen that is so removed by imflammatory procedure. Scar tissue is later left in its topographic point. In programmed cell death, nerve cells are integral during the period instantly following injury and have equal ATP production. However, programmed cell death becomes evident hours or even yearss after the primary hurt. This occurs because programmed cell death is an immunological response that occurs in reaction to perceived immune menace ( Elmore ) . Immune menace may happen when cells are damaged, and hence programmed cell decease occurs to extinguish damaged cells.SIGNS/SYMPTOMSGlasgow Coma ScaleThe Glasgow Coma Scale is the major graduated table for finding extent and badness of abuse, and for determing the deepness and continuance of coma, as based on verbal public presentation, motor reactivity, and oculus gap to the appropriate stimulations. The GCS offers practicians the chance to estimate the impact of harm related to the primary abuse every bit good as ongoing and germinating harm as secondary abuses present themselves. The graduated table is as follows: Eye Opening Response: 4 Spontaneous – unfastened with winking 3 To verbal stimulation, bid, or address 2 To trouble merely 1 No response Verbal Response: 5 Oriented 4 Baffled conversation, but with the ability to react to inquiries 3 Inappropriate words 2 Inexplicable address 1 No response Motor Response: 6 Obeys bids for motion 5 Motion with intent in response to painful stimulations 4 Withdrawal from painful stimulations 3 Flexion in response to painful stimulations 2 Extension in response to painful stimulations 1 No response The entire mark is so calculated by adding the single tonss from oculus opening response, verbal response, and motor response and caput hurts are classified as follows: A GCS mark of 13 – 15 signifies minor caput hurt ; a GCS mark of 9 – 12 signifies moderate caput hurt ; and a GCS mark of ? 8 signifies terrible head hurt. Beginning: Center for disease control and prevention A patient is considered comatose if he or she has a GCS of 3 – 8, has no oculus gap, no verbalisation of words, and does non hold the ability to follow bids. Glasgow Coma Scale – Modified for Pediatrics ( Pons – Fr book ) Childs who have suffered TBI must be treated otherwise than grownups. The Glasgow Coma Scale has besides hence been modified for rating of kids and is scaled based on the age of the kid, as follows: EYE Opening: 1 twelvemonth: 4 Spontaneously 3 To verbal bid 2 To trouble 1 No response 0 – 1 twelvemonth: 4 Spontaneously 3 To shout 2 To trouble 1 No response BEST MOTOR RESPONSE: 1 twelvemonth: 6 Obeys 5 Localizes hurting 4 Flexion backdown 3 Flexion abnormal 2 Extension 1 No response 0 – 1 twelvemonth: 5 Localizes hurting 4 Flexion backdown 3 Flexion abnormal 2 Extension 1 No response BEST VERBAL RESPONSE: & A ; gt ; 5 old ages: 5 Oriented and converses 4 Disoriented and converses 3 Inappropriate words 2 Inexplicable sounds 1 No response 0 – 2 old ages: 5 Cries suitably, smilings, coos 4 Cries 3 Inappropriate weeping or shriek 2 Grunts 1 No response 2 – 5 old ages: 5 Appropriate words and phrases 4 Inappropriate words 3 Cries or shout 2 Grunts 1 No response The entire mark is so calculated by adding the single tonss from oculus gap, best motor response and best motor response. A GCS mark of 13 – 15 signifies minor caput hurt ; a GCS mark of 9 – 12 signifies moderate caput hurt ; and a GCS mark of ? 8 signifies terrible head hurt. Beginning: Pons – Fr bookDiagnosisIn general, naming TBI requires practicians maintain several things in head: First, while the basic mechanisms of TBI are easy distinctive, each TBI injury is alone and patients react otherwise when it comes to response to both primary and secondary abuses. Second, it is indispensable to detect non merely mechanics but besides to detectTBIIn any TBI, the practician must foremost find the fortunes of primary harm. The primary hurt can be either spread or focal. Focal hurts are customarily caused by direct impact to the caput. These by and large result in vascular hurts, cortical bruise, and bleeding that is accompanied by ischaemia ( Albert-Weisenberger ) . Diffuse hurts are customarily caused by acceleration-deceleration forces that leads to spread axonal harm ( Albert-Weisenberger ) .Mild TBIMild TBI falls onto a really wide spectrum ( Iverson ) . Mild TBI can run from mild neurometabolic encephalon alterations that have rapid recovery clip to permanent jobs that come as a consequence of structural encephalon harm. Mild TBI does n't needfully typically do encephalon harm, but it is errant to presume that it can non do encephalon harm. Given the wide spectrum mild TBI falls on, mild TBI is a really individualised hurt and must be treate d as such. The bulk of people who sustain mild TBI recover rapidly and to the full. However, there are some who sustain mild TBI who have long term jobs and necessitate long term attention. Long term jobs may be caused either by the primary abuse, by secondary factors, or by preexistent or co-existing factors that cause or exacerbate jobs. These preexistent or co-existing factors may include – but are non limited to – factors such as preexistent wellness or mental conditions, chronic hurting, and personality features. It is indispensable for practicians to see these and other factors that can do or worsen jobs after mild TBI in order to find extent of harm to the individual ‘s encephalon and if there is lasting harm. It is besides of import for practicians to find if the hurt is a complicated or unsophisticated mild TBI. This can be determined by using the undermentioned regulation ( Iverson ) : Complicated mild TBI is noted as holding structural abnormalcy that is seeable on neuroimaging Uncomplicated mild TBI is noted as holding normal neuroimaging Diagnosis of complicated versus unsophisticated mild TBI may be accomplished with a computed imaging ( CT ) scan. There are farther diagnostic standards for of both of these: Complicated Mild TBI is diagnosed if: The individual has a GCS mark of 13 – 15 but still shows encephalon abnormalcy of some sort, such as haematoma, bruises, or edema on CT or MRI ; or If the individual has a skull break Uncomplicated Mild TBI is diagnosed if: The individual has no intracranial abnormalcies and no skull break All other standards for badness Muse besides be in the mild scope Concussions are considered mild TBIs. This is the general diagnostic term utilized for mild caput hurts sustained in athleticss and are normally associated with good recovery. However, concussions are on a spectrum, as are other caput hurts in the mild TBI scope, and it is indispensable for practicians to cognize patient history when offering intervention.Traumatic Brain Injury in SportsTraumatic Brain Injury in the Geriatric PopulationTraumatic Brain Injury in Neonates, Children, and AdolescentsTraumatic Brain Injury in Military PopulationsTBI sustained by military populations may differ from TBI sustained by civilian populations, although the extent to which a difference exists, and what that difference may be, is presently unknown ( Maas ) . However, soldiers deployed in combat locations are more likely to endure blast TBI and perforating TBI than are civilians located in non-combat locations. Recent surveies estimated that about 10 % – 20 % of military personnels returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom tested positive for a likely TBI ( Hoge, Vasterling, Schell – in Maas ) . Further, soldiers enduring from mild TBI frequently find that TBI is complicated by post-traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) , although exact incidence of comorbidity as compared to civilian populations is non known, since surveies of civilian populations with TBI do non normally include post-traumatic emphasis upset as a step. However, the issue of post-traumatic emphasis upset must non be minimized in military populations, because its effects may make a distinguishable and alone sensitiveness to the impact TBI has. For case, PTSD may do sleep perturbations, which can worsen TBI secondary abuse.Clinical HistoryIt is of import for practicians to observe whether or non patients who have suffered TBI have a history of old or multiple TBI, as these may both impact result. It is indispensable that each happening of TBI be recorded and that there be an accurate and accessible patient history detailing TBI happening to let for careful intervention of the current TBI.Physical ExamProbesTreatmentNeurorehabilitation is the basic term utilized to depict the general rehabilitation of those persons who have functional damages as a consequence of an hurt or disease that has affected the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) ( Levine ) . Rehabilitation for TBI may be provided in a assortment of scenes, including ague and subactute installations, place attention, or outpatient attention. The appropriate location for rehabilitation depends on a figure of factors, including the badness of the initial hurt, the attached damages, the degree of demand for ongoing medical attention, and the length of clip that has passed since the initial hurt. Transportation to a rehabilitation scene is by and large considered one time a patient with TBI has been stabilized and no longer requires intensive attention intervention on a uninterrupted footing. However, certain standards must be met for admittance to an ague attention installation ( Levine ) . These include: Medical complexness necessitating specialised nursing expertness in rehabilitation and that a physician be present around the clock. Reasonable outlook that there will be betterment in map and discharge into the community within a sensible sum of clip. Deficits in map that require a lower limit of 3 hours of specialised rehabilitation therapy. Those who do n't run into the standards but who still can non return place because they suffer TBI related damages are to be considered for admittance to a subacute rehabilitation plan. Subacute rehabilitation plans provide less intensive medical and nursing intercession Home attention is intended for persons who no longer necessitateTreatment of Mild TBIEarly intercession is indispensable in people who have suffered a mild TBI, as early intercession, instruction, and confidence of a good result may cut down frequence of post-mild TBI symptoms such as memory loss, concern, and weariness ( Iverson ) . The chief end of early intercession plans is to advance uneventful recovery and the recommencement of normal activities, such as the return to work. Early intercession plans offer patients educational stuffs and appraisals such as neuropsychological testing, meetings with a healer, and entree to a squad that will assist in their recovery ( Ponsford, in Iverson ) . Education attempts are aimed at supplying information sing symptoms, likely recovery times, class and reassurance of recovery, and suggested get bying schemes to cover with post-mild TBI symptoms ( Ponsford, in Iverson ) . Depression is common after mild TBI, although the exact cause of the depression is frequently hard to find, as the cause is often multifactorial. Depression can originate as a reaction to the hurt itself, to life stressors either created in response to the hurt, or it could be preexistent. Depression rates in the first 3 months after a mild TBI have ranged from 12 % – 44 % ( Horner et al, in Iverson ) . Depression symptoms closely mirror those of post-concussive upset, supplying a diagnostic challenge for practicians. Given this, some research workers have merely recommended a class of antidepressant intervention ( Zafonte, 2002 in Iverson ) or cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) ( Mittenberg in Iverson ) with orienting toward intervention of post-concussion syndrome. Other research workers have besides recommended these interventions with the add-on of exercising for mild depression ( Mead et al, in Iverson ) to better temper and self-pride.PrognosisEarly ConsequenceLate ConsequencesTBI incites an inflammatory response that activates the micro-glia in abode every bit good every bit good as white blood cells permeating from the cardinal nervous system. Post-traumatic redness may go on for many months or even old ages after the initial hurt ( Faden ) . TBI besides incites chronic and acute neurodegeneration ( Faden )PreventionTBI may be prevented by supplying persons with proper sa fety instruction on the types of bad behaviours that can take to TBI. Additionally, functionaries can work to place populations that are at particularly high hazard for enduring TBI. In making so, safety steps can so be instituted to assist take down the prevalence of TBI in these populations. Further, offering recommendations on safety cogwheel in high hazard athleticss and educating leaders ( ie managers ) in these countries may take to farther cut downing cases of TBI. Additionally, educating the populace on the difference safety points such as have oning safety belts while driving and siting in autos and have oning helmets while biking or siting a bike can do may take to lowered case of TBI. Besides, educating the populace on immaterial substances that increase the hazard of TBI, such as the usage of intoxicant, would be prudent, as avoiding the usage and maltreatment of such points may assist lower cases of TBI.DecisionTraumatic hurt of the caput and encephalon has been a serious issue for world since the morning of civilisation. When external force is applied, an change in encephalon map may ensue. This change in encephalon map is referred to as traumatic encephalon hurt ( TBI ) ( Menon ) . TBI occurs most normally after a sudden blow or daze to the caput ( Spencer ) . There are 3 primary mechanisms of TBI hurt: blunt, penetrating, and blast ( Nolan ) . TBI may be mild, moderate or terrible. There are two categorizations of TBI: primary abuses and secondary abuses. The primary abuse occurs at the minute of impact. The secondary abuse consists of the complications that result from the primary abuse. While TBI may look stray and trauma confined to the caput, it is in fact a complex, chronic, and dynamic procedure that requires consistent attending as associated affected organic structure systems are managed ( Losiniecki, Masel ) . Additionally, TBI presents otherwise and must be treated otherwise in different populations. Neonates, kids, and geriatric populations present in different ways and must be treated otherwise in neurosurgical units for both mild and terrible TBI. The hereafter of TBI sees research workers acknowledging the importance of and taking intiative in traveling toward standardisation in specifying TBI and informations aggregation across surveies of TBI ( Maas ) .
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